Grossman’s Rule

A few months ago after putting up this post on “Hidden Hydrogens, Hidden Lone Pairs, and Hidden Counterions”, commenter Stewie Griffin made me aware of this little gem:

 With regards to hidden hydrogens, don’t forget “Grossman’s Rule” (named by Robert Grossman in his “Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms” book) which basically says “When you’re stuck, draw in the implicit hydrogens near the reactive sites”. It’s amazingly effective, especially when students first encounter acid mediated reactions (like 1,2-shifts) where they may forget there’s a hydrogen that can move.

Then three more people chimed in on how useful Grossman’s rule was. So I dug out my copy of Grossman’s book, “The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms“. There is is, on page 1.

Common error alert!: Don’t lose track of the undrawn H atoms… I have formulated what I modestly call Grossman’s rule: Always draw all bonds and all hydrogen atoms near the reactive centers. The small investment in time required to draw the H atoms will pay huge dividends in your ability to draw the mechanism.

He then gives this example.

As Stewie said, Grossman’s rule is also useful for reactions. Here’s some common examples. Don’t you think including the hidden hydrogens makes it a bit clearer what’s going on? (I’m also making sure here to number each carbon because that’s also a very simple trick to avoid making little mistakes.)

I bought the book during a time in my life where I was, let’s just say, extreeeemely busy, and didn’t take the time to read it until now. Grossman’s book has a lot of value and there’s plenty of other gems to pull out of it.  What I like most about the philosophy of the book is that it makes the distinction between the goal of having students write “reasonable” reaction mechanisms – reactions that are plausible – and writing reaction mechanisms that are “correct” (i.e. fully consistent with experiment). After all, you have to learn what a “reasonable” organic reaction mechanism is before you can go forward with the business of trying to design an experiment to disprove it. I’m going to be more clear with this point going forward.

The book gets way beyond introductory course material, but chapters 1 and 2 are a great overview of the common mechanisms in Org 1/Org 2, and there’s plenty of useful “common error alerts” which have sage advice for the beginning student.

Thanks to Stewie, Texas Carbon, Adam and Chemjobber  for bringing this to my attention.

Related Posts:

• Guest Post on SN1/SN2/E1/E2 (2): Three And A Half Steps To Any Substitution Or Elimination Reaction
• Walkthrough of Elimination Reactions (1)
• Introduction to Rearrangement Reactions
• Reagent Friday: TsCl (p-toluenesulfonyl chloride) and MsCl (methanesulfonyl chloride)

Tagged as: addition, elimination, grossman's rule, hidden hydrogens, leaving groups, study tips, substitution